GLOBALIZATION ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

The ramifications of globalization in India have been uneven.Education, as a service industry, is a part of the globalization process under the umbrella of General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS).Thus it is of now wonder that like in any other sector, globalization has bred inequality and dependence in the education system of the nation, especially higher education.Thus while a section of the population has benefited from globalization in their academic pursuits, the under privileged section has struggled to receive proper higher education due to excessive corporatization of education ,increasing fees and unavailability of opportunities in the lower strata of the society.

That globalization has opened newer vistas of higher education, can not be denied.It has given the Indians opportunities to get higher education in foreign countries, though unfortunately till now India has not been an attractive hub of education for the foreign students despite having much potentials to be so.Today India on an average spends $ 5 billion annually to send students abroad to get higher education.Sadly enough, most of them hardly come back to their motherland and instead opt for serving in an alien nation.

Globalization has created a market based educational system in India.Thus there has been incredible growth of the number of technical colleges and universities providing technical education especially in fields like IT,Computer Science,electronics, architecture.As the job market in these sectors are flourishing, students after getting mere Bachelors degree hardly opt for higher education.Thus India over the years has produced some brilliant technicians but hardly any excellent educationist or a genius teacher.Moreover, as the cost of receving such technical education is sky high, poor students have been out of the competition to receive higher education.Moreover, the declining value of the civil society is an evidence in itself that higher education has imparted technical skills but failed to impregnate values among the students.

Moreover, lack of higher educational opportunities in the rural areas confirms that the interest of the corporate world is limited only in the shining cities, not in the rural India where ironically more than 70 % of the population lives.As a result rural-urban divide has been more prominent, there has been migration of students from rural to urban areas in search of educational opportunities, creting more socio-economic imbalnce.

In the end , it must be said that while globalization has been of tremendous benifit for the upper strata of the society in their academic pursuits, the benefits have not percolated down the social strata to educate each layer of the society.While corporatization of education should not be discouraged, the government should have more control in the sphere of education, so that the people irrespective of their social class, can reap the benefits of higher education and can be a part of making India a better nation to live in.

GLOBALIZATION AND GROWING INEQUALITY

SANDESH G.NAYAK

World is going through its gravest economic downturn since the great economic downturn of 1930's. The ILO report says that the root of this crisis lies in 1990's economic reforms. Through this reforms, the world economic order took a turn and headed for different direction and is the main reason for contemporary economic inequality, social security concerns and labour relations.

Recent report of ILO clearly highlights the growing inequality among different section of workers and decrease in the unemployment after the globalization. - Main reason is due to the extinction of many domestic industries which are affected by the global factors.

Although the 1990s economic reforms were accompanied by “substantial economic development across most regions" there were variation in labour market performance between and within the countries. Moreover, increase in employment also occurred, alongside a redistribution of income " away from labor".

Statistics indicated the share of wages in National Income declined over the past 2 decades. This means that workers gained very less from the economic growth. The rich poor gap also widened.Nearly two thirds of the countries experienced an increase in income inequalities. Yet another finding is that this rich poor gap is doing so at increased pace.

Financial Globalization has not lived upto its promises. Another problem that it has eroded the Bargaining power of employees and contributed to decline in wage share over and above any effect resulting from trade integration or sectoral change. The continuing economic slowdown coupled with rising food prices will accentuate the income inequality and affect the employment opportunities of low income group..

Although in line with the economic thinking since the advent of globalization, the report argues that income inequalities could be a good thing as it rewards work quality, talent, and innovation. It strikes a serious note of caution that “there are instances where income inequality reaches excessive levels, in that it represents a danger to social stability while also going against economic efficiency considerations.”

GLOBALIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

By definition, climate change is a global issue. The composition of the atmosphere which surrounds the planet is altering as a result of the emissions of tonnes of polluting gases (called greenhouse gases - GHGs) from industry, transportation, agriculture and consumer practices. With this thickening blanket of gases, the atmosphere is gradually warming. The entire planet will be affected by the climatic changes and impacts which are predicted e.g. increased droughts and floods, rising sea-levels, more extreme temperatures, etc.
The willingness of countries around the world to cooperate in the negotiation of treaties to address this global problem is a positive example of globalization - or perhaps this is better referred to as internationalism.Intensive discussions over an 18-month period before the 1992 Rio Earth Summit led to the adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Negotiations have continued subsequently to develop another agreement for more specific emission reduction targets for industrialized countries.
There are many environmental impacts of economic globalization: transnational corporations moving operations to developing countries to avoid the stricter environmental regulations of their home country; free trade agreements which restrict the capacity of national governments to adopt environmental legislation; destruction of southern rain forests to provide exotic timber for northern consumers and to create pasture land for beef for northern hamburgers,oil spills in the seas and oceans destroying oceanic environment because of increasing number of business treaties and increasing shipping are to name a few.
The climate change issue illustrates how inter-related the world is both in terms of the causes of the problem and the options for addressing it.

Impact of globalization on state system and its institutions- 2007- 15 marks

Globalization removes boundaries among the states for enonomic and socio-cultural unification of the world.In the wake of golbalization a new concept of global governance is replacing the age old closed and confined single state governance.
The state system has gone through significant changes in the globalized economy.States are opening their economies.To get benefits of barrierless trade cooperative governments, trade groups, economic blocs are being developed. Bilateral and multilateral agreements ,free trade agreements are taking place among several nations.
Today the state system is broadly being dictated by the norms of organizations like WTO and IMF.Even states have to limit their sovereign decisions due to pressure from such international forums.The states are giving up administered price mechanism to make way for market determined prices.
Even the state institutions have to change their structure and organization to get themselves acquinted with the process.Insurance,banks,education,finance,agriculture, PSUs, FDI policy all are being modified to accustomed to the changing world to become more competitive and more qualitative.
Thus in today's world the state system and its institutions are largely being dictated by market forces and shedding off the age old sovereign prejudices to get the most of the new trends.
For referrence you can visit http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/2/2/5/pages72251/p72251-1.php
http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan005068.pdf